ABSTRACT
Se introduce el concepto de modelos en la ciencia y práctica médicas. Se analizan dos modelos vigentes en la medicina contemporánea: el modelo "biomédico" (MBM), actualmente predominante, y el modelo bio-psico-social (MBPS), que cuestiona el reduccionismo del primero. Se revisa la historia y contenido conceptual de ambos. Se revisa la "teoría general de sistemas" como referente de ambos modelos. Se introduce el ''modelo centrado en el paciente" como práctica dialógica.
The concept of models in medical science and practice is introduced. Two current models in contemporary medicine are analyzed: the "biomedical" model (MBM), currently predominant, and the bio-psycho-social model (MBPS), which questions the reductionism of the former. The history and conceptual content of both are reviewed. The "general systems theory" is reviewed as a reference for both models. The "patient-centered model" is introduced as a dialogic practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of 3D printing models applied to Medical Imaging Di-agnosis Undergraduate Teaching. Methods Students in the year 2012/2013 of Shanghai Jiao Tong Univer-sity School of Medicine stomatology specialty were chosen for this study, including 38 students in the exper-imental group (2013) and 40 students in the control group (2012). All of them were taught by the same group of teachers, including 28 core curriculum hours and 5 practice class hours. 3D printing technology with PPT was applied to the experimental group in the medical imaging diagnostic teaching, and conventional teaching including PPT and usual models in the control group. Medical students were given a test about cardiovascular system and tasked with completion of drawing hand and foot bones. Students in experimental group were also asked to complete a questionnaire about their experience. Results The questionnaire showed that 3D printing teaching molds with PPT was of great significance to improve the students interest in learning imaging anatomy, to meet the vast majority of students' learning requirements, and to achieve satis-factory results. The average scores of the circulatory system test in the experimental group were higher than that of the control group [(8.32 ±2.352) vs. (6.15 ±1.284), P<0.05)]. Students in experimental group per-formed better than students in the control group on the Locomotor system test [(6.81 ±1.347] vs. (3.84 ± 0.985), P<0.01]. Conclusions 3D printing mold combined with PPT teaching method can promote the med-ical imaging anatomy structure, learning effect and teaching quality, and has practical value in the under-graduate teaching of medical imaging diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
El articulo caracteriza y reflexiona sobre el modelo de autoatención y su relación con los otros modelos médicos. A partir de la obra de Eduardo Luis Menéndez, presenta el desarrollo problemático de las concepciones de actor, estructura social y sujeto con sus respectivas relaciones, y expone los rasgos más importantes del enfoque relacional como metodología de abordaje de lo que se denomina antropología médica. Desde la perspectiva antropológica de dicho autor existen saberes, formas de atención y prevención de los sufrimientos físicos y mentales que no adscriben al modelo biomédico y que, sin embargo, mentales que no adscriben al modelo biomédico y que, sin embargo, son utilizados con mucha frecuencia por las poblaciones a los fines de prevenir, aliviar y/o curar los mismos. Reconocer esta diversidad es, rescatar y hacer visible una modalidad de abordaje del sufrimiento, que amalgama diferentes formas de atención biomédicas y alternativas a las que se denomina autoatención, que son frecuentemente negadas por la medicina científica y que se constituyen como el primer nivel de atención. Se propone el enfoque relacional como una metodología adecuada para el abordaje de la autoatención, por su capacidad de develar las perspectivas de los sujetos acerca de dichas prácticas.
The article characterizes and reflects on the model of self-care and its relationship with other medical models. Based on the work of Eduardo Luis Menéndez, it presents the problematic development of the concepts of actor, social structure and subject with their respective relationships, and exposes the most important features of the relational approach as a methodology for approaching what is called medical anthropology. From the anthropological perspective of this author there are knowledge, forms of care and prevention of physical and mental suffering that do not attach to the biomedical model and which, however, are very frequently used by populations in order to prevent, alleviate and/or cure them. To recognize this diversity is to rescue and make visible a way of approaching suffering, which amalgamates different forms of biomedical care and alternatives to what is called self-care, which are frequently denied by scientific medicine, and which constitute the first level of care. The relational approach is proposed as an adequate methodology for the approach of self-care, given its ability to reveal the perspectives of subjects about such practices.
Subject(s)
Professional-Family Relations , Professional-Patient Relations , Self Care , Self Medication , Anthropology, Medical , MedicalizationABSTRACT
Desde su origen, la Homeopatía ha sido objeto de críticas por parte del modelo médico convencional, debido a que la metodología y los principios en que se fundamenta el arte curativo que configuró Samuel Hahnemann no son compartidos por el paradigma dominante, el cual se basa en el pensamiento positivista que se impuso en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Así, aunque ha pasado más de un siglo y a pesar de que la Homeopatía ha mostrado su efectividad cuando se aplica correctamente, la percepción de la mayoría de los médicos que ejercen la alopatía sigue en el presente las mismaspautas ideológicas de hace décadas. Esto pudo comprobarse a través de una seriede entrevistas con un grupo de médicos mexicanos elegidos al azar, quienes mostraron que los prejuicios y las descalificaciones hacia la medicina homeopática siguen presentes, aunque también se encontró cierta apertura en algunos de estosespecialistas.
Since its inception, homeopathy has been criticized by the conventional medical model, because the methodology and principles underlying the healing art that Samuel Hahnemann configured are not shared by the dominant paradigm, which is based on positivist thinking that prevailed in the second half of the nineteenth century. This way, although it has been more than a century and although homeopathy has shown its effectiveness when applied correctly, the perception of most doctors practicing allopathy follows in this the same guidelines ideological decades. This was proved through a series of interviews with a group of randomly selected Mexican physicians, who showed that the prejudices and insults towards homeopathic medicine are still present, but also found some open minds in some of these specialists.
Subject(s)
Allopathic Practices , Efficacy/methods , Homeopathy/trends , Mexico , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Presented in this paper are the experimental results that measure rapid prototyping (RP) errors in 3D medical models. We identified various factors that can cause dimensional errors when producing RP models, specifically in maxillofacial areas. For the experiment, we used a human dry skull. A number of linear measurements based on landmarks were first obtained on the skull. This was followed by CT scanning, 3D model reconstruction, and RP model fabrication. The landmarks were measured again on both the reconstructed models and the physical RP models, and these were compared with those on dry skull. We focused on major sources of errors, such as CT scanning, conversion from CT data to STL models, and RP model fabrication. The results show that the overall error from skull to RP is 0.64+/-0.36mm(0.71+/-0.66%) in absolute value. This indicates that the RP technology can be acceptable in the real clinical applications. A clinical case that has applied RP models successfully for treatment planning and surgical rehearsal is presented. Although the use of RP models is rare in the medical area yet, we believe RP is promising in that it has a great potential in developing new tools which can aid diagnosis, treatment planning, surgical rehearsal, education, and so on.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diagnosis , Education , Skull , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
The Roles of the clinicians in different medical models are quite different,which not only led to the change of the relationship between the clinicians and the patients, but also had a significant clinical effect. The authors compared the clinicians'role in different medical models and showed the humanism underlying this change.